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2018 (MMXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2018th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 18th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 9th year of the 2010s decade.
This report outlines the key findings of the 2018 Point-In-Time (PIT) count and Housing Inventory Count (HIC) conducted in January 2018. Specifically, this report provides 2018 national, state, and CoC-level PIT and HIC estimates of homelessness, as well as estimates of chronically homeless persons, homeless veterans, and homeless children and youth.
Welcome to the 2018 LPI The LPI is an interactive benchmarking tool created to help countries identify the challenges and opportunities they face in their performance on trade logistics and what they can do to improve their performance. The LPI 2018 allows for comparisons across 160 countries.
Weekend Jams: CHI 2018 will feature a GameJam, in which participants can engage with games by designing and implementing their own game (no programming experience needed), and a ScienceJam, in which participants can engage with science by designing and running an experiment in a two-day frenzy of activity and excitement. GameJam and ScienceJam outcomes may be shown throughout the conference breaks.
24th April 2018 Breaking news! CHI est dans la press: comment combattre les incessantes distractions au bureau (How to fight the incessant distractions at the office).
As its ubiquity in the external environment has been increasing, this has lead more researchers to investigate various consumables for the presence of plastic. The first such study focused on bivalves intended for human consumption (Van Cauwenberghe and Janssen, 2014). More recent studies have focused on fish (such as anchovies), as well as mussels (Rochman et al., 2015; Tanaka and Takada, 2016; Lusher et al., 2017). Two studies have noted the presence of microplastics within beer (Liebezeit and Liebezeit, 2014; Kosuth et al., 2018). Starting with a 2015 study of Chinese Sea Salt brands, several additional studies have established the presence of microplastics within these human consumables as well (Yang et al., 2015; Iñiguez et al., 2017; Karami et al., 2017; Kosuth et al., 2018). The first-ever investigation of plastic pollution within globally sourced tap water (a total 159 samples from seven geographical regions spanning five continents) was published just earlier this year (Kosuth et al., 2018).
As research into the occurrence of plastic pollution has increased, sampling and analysis methods are continually evolving as well. Within the aqueous environment, volume-reduced (using neuston nets) or bulk sampling followed by density separation, filtration/sieving and visual identification have been the most commonly employed methods (Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012). Given the time-consuming nature of these methods of sample processing, as well as the potential for misidentification using visual cues alone, one focus area for plastics pollution research (especially at the micro- and nano- scale) is development of methods for high-throughput with increased polymeric confirmation. Several recent studies have supported the use of Nile Red (NR) as an accurate stain for the rapid detection and quantification of microplastics given its selectivity adsorption and fluorescent properties. Maes et al. (2017) specifically tested the preferential adsorption of NR for polymeric materials relative to common organic (algae, seaweeds, wood and feathers) and inorganic (shells) environmental contaminants. Like Maes et al. (2017) and Erni-Cassola et al. (2017) validated the use of this stain with analysis using FTIR to verify the polymeric content of fluorescing particles. Both of these studies concluded from their efforts that NR can be used for the rapid detection of microplastics without the need for additional spectroscopic analysis (thereby reducing the time needed to analyze an environmental sample). These studies suggest that the adsorption of NR alone is sufficient to identify a particle as polymeric in nature. A conclusion further supported by the inclusion of this method within the recent review of analytical methodologies for microplastic monitoring by Renner et al. (2018).
More recently Schymanski et al. (2018) published their study on microplastic contamination of packaged mineral water. They tested a wider variety of packaging media from returnable and single-use plastic bottles to cartons to glass, while this study almost exclusively focused on single-use plastic bottles (having only one lot packaged in glass as an alternative). They did test fewer bottles overall as compared to this study. In order to compare these two studies, then, only their data for single-use, plastic beverage bottles is utilized. Within those confines, they tested a total of 11 bottles in comparison to our 259. While they do not specify how many different brands, for one brand they tested two different lots (purchased 6 weeks apart), but only tested one lot for the others.
The average microplastic density across all brands, lot numbers and bottles analyzed (325 MPP/L) is significantly higher in this study as compared to that reported by Schymanski et al. (2018) (14 MPP/L). This difference could be owing to a number of factors. First, as they report they only counted particles for which they could fully confirm the polymeric nature using Raman spectroscopy. We used the adsorption of Nile Red as our frontline confirmation of microplastic identity, using FTIR on particles simply to provide more information as to the specific polymer. As the authors note, while Raman can analyze smaller particles than FTIR, the laser intensity can cause the particle to decompose before an adequate spectra can be obtained. Schymanski et al. (2018) did not include these particles in their counts leading to a reduction in their calculated densities. Further, as our data shows there can be substantial variability between brands and between lots. Our significantly larger sample set provides a greater accounting of that variability.
Another difference between our studies is distribution of polymer types. Schymanski et al. (2018) found PEST (the combination of polyester and polyethylene terephthalate) to be the dominant polymeric material of their particulate contaminants, while that same categorization only accounted for 6% of our analyzed particles. Here polypropylene was found to be the dominant plastic (54%), which only accounted for 1% of their particles. However, our two studies are not fully comparable with regard to this analysis. Schymanski et al. (2018) analyzed and determined polymeric identity for all particles counted, while we only did so for particles >100 um. It is quite possible that the smaller particles we were unable to analyze were mainly composed of the polymers within the PEST category, which would very much alter our percentages. Nevertheless, we both do reason from our data that the packaging of the water itself is a likely source of contamination, though for us it appears to be the caps, while for Schymanski et al. (2018) it appeared to be the bottle.
Get detailed national estimates from the 2017 and 2018 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The tables provide comprehensive statistics on substance use, mental health, and treatment in the United States. Longer-term trends are also available for select indicators.
This appendix comprises four sections: Data and Conventions, Fiscal Policy Assumptions, Definition and Coverage of Fiscal Data, and Statistical tables. Data in these tables have been compiled based on the information available through September 20, 2018.
The IEEE ICC 2018 mobile app is available via the IEEE ComSoc Events app, which houses past IEEE GLOBECOM and IEEE ICC events. Download the IEEE ComSoc Events app. Select IEEE ICC 2018, and click Download Guide. When the download is complete, click Open.
Significant linear increases occurred for all three cigarette cessation indicators. Among adult cigarette smokers, the prevalence of making a quit attempt in the past 12 months increased from 52.8% in 2009 to 55.1% in 2018 (p
This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. 2018 American Cancer Society. 59ce067264